Ph. D. Eligibility Test – TEST PATTERN
The eligibility test will be of 90 minutes duration and question paper consists of 100 objective (multiple choice only) type questions
1. Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
2. Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of defining the Problem.
3. Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design. Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure
4. Aptitude: Coding and decoding, blood relations, time and distance, simple and compound interest, Permutation and combination, number system, odd man out.
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS: Propositional and first-order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial orders, and lattices. Groups. Graphs: connectivity, matching, coloring. Combinatorics: counting, recurrence relations, generating functions.
PROGRAMMING &DATA STRUCTURES WITH ALGORITHMS:Programming in C. Recursion. Arrays,stack, queue, list, set, string, tree, binary search tree, heap, graph, tree and graph traversals, connected components, spanning trees, shortest paths, hashing, sorting, searching, design techniques (greedy, dynamic, divide and conquer), asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds.
DIGITAL LOGICS &COMPUTER ORGANIZATION:Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates,Synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits. Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and control, memory interface, I/O interface (cache, main and secondary storage. data path and hardwired), serial communication interface, cache, main and secondary storage.
OPERATING SYSTEMS: Classical concepts (concurrency, synchronization, deadlock), processes, threads and inter-process communication, CPU scheduling, memory management, file systems.
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING: Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: Definition, relational model, database design, E-R diagrams, integrity constraints, normal forms, Relational Algebra, query languages (SQL).
DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS: ISO/OSI stack, transmission media, data encoding, multiplexing, flow and error control, LAN technologies, network devices – switches, gateways, routers, ICMP, application layer protocols – SMTP, POP3, HTTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet.
THEORY OF COMPUTATION: Finite automata, Regular expressions, Context-free grammars and push-down automata. Regular and context-free languages, pumping lemma. Turing machines and undecidability.
Signals &Systems: Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform representations, Laplace Transforms; sampling theorem and applications,Discrete-time signals: discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), DFT, Z-transform; LTI systems: definition and properties, causality, stability, impulse response, convolution.
Electronic Devices: P-N junction, Zener diode, BJT, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED; Integrated circuit fabrication process: oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog circuits: Small signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs and MOSFETs; Simple diode circuits: clipping, clamping and rectifiers; Single-stage BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: biasing, bias stability, mid-frequency small signal analysis and frequency response; BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: multi-stage, differential, feedback, Simple opamp circuits; Active filters; Sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation.
Digital circuits: Number systems; Combinatorial circuits: minimization of switching functions using Boolean identities and Karnaugh map, logic gates and their static CMOS implementations, arithmetic circuits, multiplexers, decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip‐flops, counters, shift‐registers and finite state machines; Data converters: Semiconductor memories.
Communications: Random processes: autocorrelation and power spectral density, properties of white noise, filtering of random signals through LTI systems; Analog and digital modulation schemes; matched filter receiver, calculation of bandwidth, SNR and BER for digital modulation; Timing and frequency synchronization, inter-symbol interference and its mitigation; Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.
Electromagnetics: Electrostatics; Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation, boundary conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector; Plane waves and properties: reflection and refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation through various media, skin depth; Antennas: antenna types, radiation pattern, gain and directivity, return loss, antenna arrays; Basics of radar;
Microprocessor & micro controller: 8085 & 8086 microprocessors-architecture, instruction set, addressing modes, 8051 microcontroller- architecture, modes of operation, interrupt structure, memory and I/O interfacing. Embedded systems-general purpose processors, state machine and concurrent process models, RTOs.
Networks: D.C. and A.C. circuits –R,L,C elements, KVL, KCL, loop and nodal analysis, source transformation, stardelta transformation, Superposition, Reciprocity, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Maximum power transfer theorems, time response of circuits, complex power, resonance, steady state analysis, Transient analysis, two port networks, solution of balanced and unbalanced 3-φ circuits.
Electrical Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; indicating instruments – PMMC, moving iron, dynamometer, electrostatic and induction type meters, ammeters and voltmeters, errors in indicating instruments; wattmeter, energy meter and other measuring instruments – measurement of power, energy and power factor and frequency, errors and compensation, Transducers.
Analog and Digital circuits: Diode circuits, clippings, Rectifiers, Amplifiers, Biasing, combinational sequential logic circuits, Multiplexers, demultiplexers, A/D and D/A converters.
Control Systems: Transfer function, block diagrams, servo and stepper motors, error constants, stability, Routh and Niquist criterion, Bode plots, root loci, lag, lead and lead-lag compensation, PD, PI & PID controllers, state space model, state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Electrical Machines: Energy conversion principles; DC machines – types, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, testing and speed control of dc motors; three phase induction motors – principles, types, performance characteristics, starting testing and speed control, single phase induction motors; synchronous machines – performance, regulation and parallel operation of generators, synchronous motor starting, characteristics and applications; single phase transformer – equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, testing, regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers.
Power Systems: Generation of electrical Power; transmission line parameters; sag calculations; insulators and cables; economic operation; AC and DC distribution systems, symmetrical components and fault analysis; load flow analysis; steady-state and transient stability analysis; load frequency control; circuit breakers and protective relays; basics of HVDC transmission and FACTS; power quality.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes and power transistors; thyristors family – SCR, Triac, GTO, MOSFET and IGBTs; SCRs – gatecharacteristics, static and dynamic characteristics, triggering circuits, phase control rectifiers, choppers, inverters, ac to ac converters; basis concepts and control of dc and ac drives; electrical traction.
Structural Analysis: Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displace- ments in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force / energy methods, analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis.
Strength of Materials : Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beam. Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr’ s circle Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses.
Steel Structures: Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams and beam-columns, column bases. Connections- simple and eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses Plastic analysis of beams and frames, IS Code provisions.
Concrete Structures: Concrete Technology- properties of concrete, basics of mix design – Special Concretes – Concrete design basic working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate load capacity and design of members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit state methods. Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads, IS Code provisions.
Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil classification, three – phase system, fundamental definitions; relationship and interrelationships, permeability and seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength.
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration test plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes- infinite slopes finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations- bearing capacity effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands and clays. Deep foundations – pile types, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, negative skin friction.
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli’ s equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines.
Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics.
Irrigation: Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined and unlinedcanals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodic soils.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Water requirements: Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards. Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal.
Air Pollution: Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control, air quality standards and limits.
Municipal Solid Wastes: Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal).
Noise Pollution: Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Highway Planning: Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexible and rigid pavements
Traffic Engineering: Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity.
Ph. D. Eligibility Test-2022 – TEST PATTERN
The eligibility test will be of 90 minutes duration and question paper consists of 100 objective (multiple choice only) type questions
Pharmacy Syllabus
PHARMACEUTICS
(b) Physical Pharmaceutics: States of mater, Physical properties of drug molecules, pH, buffers and isotonic solution, solubility phenomena, surface tension, interfacial phenomenon, Kinetics, Rheology, Micromeretics & powder flow, Diffusion and dissolution, Colloids, Complexation and protein binding,dispersion systems
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
PHARMACOLOGY
(b) Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System: Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic), Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, Adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents, Ganglion stimulants and blocking agents, Neuromuscular blocking Agents, Local anesthetic Agents.
(c) Pharmacology of Central Nervous System: Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S., General Anesthetics, Alcohols and disulfiram, Sedatives, Hypnotics, Anti-anxiety agents and Centrally acting muscle relaxants, Psychopharmacological agents (anti-psychotics), antimaniacs, and hallucinogens, Antidepressants, Anti-epileptics drugs, Anti-Parkinsonism drugs, Analgesics, Antipyretics, Narcotic analgesics and antagonists, C.N.S. stimulants, Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse.
(b) Drugs acting on urinary system: Fluid and electrolyte balance, Diuretics. Anti-diuretics; Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System: Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators, Anti-tussives and expectorants, Respiratory stimulants.
(c) Drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract: Antacids, Anti-secretory and Anti-ulcer drugs, Laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Appetite Stimulants and Suppressants, Emetics and anti-emetics, Miscellaneous: Carminatives, demulcents, protectives, adsorbents, astringents, digestants, enzymes and mucolytics.
(b) Chemotherapy: General Principles of Chemotherapy, Bacterial resistance; Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole, Anticancer drugs, Antibiotics- Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Quinolones, fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous antibiotics; Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, HIV and AIDS.
PART-A
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining theProblem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
PART B
UnitI:Grossanatomy andfunctionalanatomy:Cardiovascularsystem,respiratorysystem,centraland peripheralnervoussystem,musculoskeletalsystem.
UnitII:Physiologyandapplied physiologyof:Cardiorespiratorysystem, central andperipheralnervous system, specialsenses,musclesandblood.
UnitIII:Physicalagents:Lowfrequencycurrents–typesoflowfrequencycurrentsusedfortherapeutic purposesincluding electrodiagnostics,Mediumfrequencycurrents,HighfrequencyModalities -ultrasound,wax bath,infraredradiations,ultravioletradiations,shortwavediathermy,microwavediathermy,LASER,cryotherapy.
Unit IV: Therapeuticexercisesandmassage:Basicsof mechanicsofhumanbody,typesof movements,muscle grading,typesofstrengtheningexercises, exercises forjointmobility,suspensiontherapy,hydrotherapy,crutch walking,typesofmassagemanipulationsincludingphysiologicaleffectsandlimitations.
UnitV:Biomechanicsandpathomechanics of:Spine,TMjoint,upperextremity,lowerextremity,posture,gait, respiration.
UnitVI:Physiotherapy inneurologicalconditions:Principlesofassessmentandtreatmentformotorsystem, sensory system,highermentalfunctions,perceptionincentralnervoussystempathologies,peripheralnervous system pathologiesand myopathies.Concepts:motorrelearningprogram,bobathapproach,brunnstrome approach,proprioceptiveneuromuscularfacilitation,roodsapproachandneurodevelopmentaltherapy.
UnitVII:Physiotherapy inorthopaedicconditions:Principlesofassessmentandtreatmentinfractures,soft tissueinjuries,postoperativeconditionsincludingjointreplacements, jointandspinalpathologies. Concepts: Cyriax,MackenzieandMaitland
UnitVIII:Physiotherapyincardiopulmonary conditions:Principlesofassessmentandtreatmentincardiac rehabilitationandpulmonaryrehabilitation,stresstestingandexerciseprescription,Principlesofassessment andtreatmentin intensivecareunitsettingandpostoperativeconditions.
UnitIX:Physiotherapy inGynecological &Obstetricalconditions:Principlesofassessmentandtreatmentin antenatalandpostnatalperiod.Fitnessin women’shealth.
Unit X: Rehabilitationmedicineand communitybasedphysiotherapy:Conceptof rehabilitationandteam approach,disabilityevaluation,architecturalbarrier, orthoticsandprostheticservices.
REFERENCES:
The eligibility test will be of 90 minutes duration and question paper consists of 100 objective (multiple choice only) type questions
PART-A
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining theProblem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
Part – B: Entomology
Unit 1: Systematics
History and development of Entomology, Evolution of insects, position of insects in the animal kingdom, characteristics of phylum Arthropoda, structural features of important arthropod groups such as Trilobita, Chelicerata and Mandibulata, structural features of important classes of phylum Arthropoda viz. Arachnida, Crustacea, Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Hexapoda. Classification of insects up to order level, habits, habitats and distinguishing features of different Order and important Families.
Unit 2: Morphology
Body wall, its structure, outgrowths, endoskeleton, Body regions, segmentation, sclerites and sutures, Insect Colors. Head and head appendages, types of mouth parts, antennae, their structure and types. Thorax structure, thoracic appendages and their modification. Wings, their modification and venation, Abdomen; structure, abdominal appendages both in Pterygota and Apterygota. External genitalia, general structure and modification in important insect orders.
Unit 3: Embryology, Internal Anatomy and Physiology
Embryonic and post embryonic development, types of metamorphosis, physiology of ecdysis. General features and types of larvae and pupae. Structure, function, physiology and modifications of Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive, Nervous, Excretory systems, Endocrine system and Sense Organs. Insect food and nutrition; minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids, vitamins and their role in growth and development, artificial diets.
Unit 4: Ecology
Concept of ecology, Environment and its components-biotic and abiotic factors and their effects on growth, development, diapause, population structure and dynamics, distribution and dispersal. Principles of biogeography and insects biodiversity. Assessment of diversity indices. Biotic potential and environmental resistance. Climate change and adaptations. Ecosystems, agroecosystem analyses, ecological niche, their characteristics and functioning. Intra and inter specific relationship; competition, predator-prey and host-parasitoid interactions. Food chain, food web and trophic relations. Life table studies, population models. Arthropod population monitoring, pest forecasting. Causes of pest out breaks.
Unit 5: Biological Control
Importance and scope of biological control, history of biological control: Biocontrolagentsparasitoids, predators, insect pathogens and weed killers. Important entomophagous insect Orders and Families. Ecological, biological, taxonomic, legal and economic aspects of biological control, phenomena of multiple parasitism, hyperparasitism, superparasitism and their applied importance. Principles and procedures of using exotic biocontrol agents. Utilization of natural biocontrol agents: conservation, habitat management and augmentation. Mass multiplication techniques and economics. Effective evaluation techniques, Biocontrol organizations in world and India. Successful cases of biological control of pests. Use of biotechnological tools in enhancing the potentials of Bio-Control Agents.
Unit 6: Chemical Control and Toxicology
History, scope and principles of chemical control. Insecticides, classification and mode of action – Conventional and IRAC. Formulations of insecticides. Penetration of insecticides. Physical, chemical and toxicological properties of different groups of insecticides. rodenticides, insect growth hormones. Insecticide induced resurgence. Combination insecticides. Pesticide hazards and environmental pollution. Safe use of pesticides, precautions, first aid treatments and antidotes. Insecticides Act 1968, Functions of CIB & RC, registration and quality control of insecticides. Evaluation of toxicity, methods of toxicity testing, determination of LD 50, LT 50, RL 50 etc. Pesticide residues in the environment and their dynamics of movements, methods of residue analysis. Good laboratory practices. Pharmacology of insect poisons. Metabolism of insecticides; detoxification enzymes and their role in metabolism. Selectivity of insecticides insecticide resistance; mechanism, genetics and management of insecticide resistance.
Unit 7: Host Plant Resistance
Principles of HPR. Basis of resistance (Antixenosis, Antibiosis, Tolerance). Host plant selection by phytophagous insects. Biophysical and biochemical bases of defense against phytophagous insects. Genetics of Resistance: vertical resistance, horizontal resistance, oligogenic resistance, polygenic resistance. Biotype development and break down of resistance. Tritrophic interactions, induced resistance. Breeding for insect resistant crops and evaluation techniques. Biotechnological approaches and development of transgenic insect resistant plants, its advantages and limitations. Case histories. Insect resistance to transgenic plants and its management.
Unit 8: Novel Approaches in Pest Control
Behavioural control: semiochemicals pheromones-types and uses, advantages and limitations. Hormonal control: types and function of insect hormones, insect hormone mimics, advantages and limitations. chemosterilants, antifeedants, attractants, repellents; their types, method of applications, advantages and limitations. Genetic control: concepts and methods, case histories, advantages and limitations. Genetic improvement and genetic engineering of bio control agents. Pest management in organic agriculture. Pest management in precision agriculture.
Unit 9:Integrated Pest Management
History, concept and principles of IPM. Components of IPM: Host plant resistance, cultural, mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, genetic and behavioural control etc. System approach, Agro ecosystem and cropping system vs. IPM. Concept of damage levels- Economic threshold levels (ETL), Economic injury levels (EIL) and their determination. IPM strategies for field and horticultural crops. IPM case histories. Constraints and Strategies of IPM implementation. Plant quarantine laws and regulations.
Unit 10: Pesticide Application Equipment
Types of appliances: sprayers, dusters, fog generators, smoke generators, soil injecting guns, seed treating drums, flame throwers, etc. Types of nozzles, international classification, their uses, spray patterns, particle size, measurement, drift and non target effects of pesticides. Maintenance of appliances. Aerial application-principles, guidelines, factors affecting the effectiveness, systems, advantages and disadvantages.
Unit 11: Pests of Field Crops and their Management
Distribution, host range, biology and bionomics, nature of damage and management of arthropod pests of cereals, millets, nutricereals, oilseeds, pulses, fibre crops, green manures, sugarcane and tobacco. Pests of importance: locusts, termites, hairy caterpillars, cut worms white grubs and invasive alien pests. Vertebrate and molluscan pests.
Unit 12: Pests of Horticultural Crops and their Management
Distribution, host range, biology and bionomics, nature of damage and management of arthropod pests of vegetables, fruits, plantation crops, spices, condiments, medicinal and aromatic crops, ornamentals, underutilized and exotic fruits. Pest management under protected cultivation. Pests of mushrooms. Vertebrate and molluscan pests.
Unit 13: Pests of Stored Products and their Management
Principles of grain storage. Storage structures, bulk storage and bag storage their merits and demerits. Grain drying methods and aeration. Storage losses, sources of infestation, factors influencing losses. Insect pests in storage, biology, and nature of damage. Non-insect pests (rodents, birds, mites) and their nature of damage. Management methods: Physical, Mechanical, Chemical, Biological, Behavioural, Legal and special storage methods. Microflora in storage environment and their control. Regulated and quarantine pests. Integrated management of storage pests.
Unit 14: Insect and mite vectors of Plant Diseases
History of vector pathogen interactions, important vectors of plant diseases, ecology of vector pathogen interaction Common insect and mite vectors viz., aphids, leaf hoppers, plant hoppers, whiteflies, thrips, psylids, beetles, weevils, flies, and mites and their relationship with the plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma. Mechanism of pathogen transmission: Active mechanical transmission, biological transmission. Toxicogenic insects, mites and phytotoxemia. Some important arthropod vector transmitted diseases and their epidemiology in India. Management of vector and its effect on control of diseases. Role of climate change in vector borne diseases.
Unit 15: Honey Bees and Bee-keeping
History of bee-keeping. Honey bees and their economic importance. Bee products. Bee species, their behaviour, habit and habitats. Bee Keeping: bee pasturage, hives and equipments, seasonal
management. Bee poisoning. Bee enemies including diseases and their management. Quality analysis of honey. Pollinators and their role in production of various crops. Conservation of pollinators.
Unit 16: Silkworms and Sericulture
Silkworm species, salient features, systematic position. Production techniques of mulberry, muga, eri and tassar silkworms. Nutritional requirements of silkworms. Sericulture: rearing house and appliances, silkworm breeds, principles of voltinism and moultinism, seed production and its economics. Different molecular approaches in developing silkworm breeds. transgenic silkworm- Mulberry pests, diseases and their management. By products of sericulture and its value addition, uses in pharmaceutical industry. Enemies and diseases of silkworms and their management. Sericulture organization in India.
Unit 17: Lac Insect
Lac insect, its biology, habit and habitats, lac products, uses. Host Trees: pruning, inoculation, lac cropping techniques, and harvesting. Enemies of lac insect and their control
Unit 18: Helpful and Useful Insects
Pollinators and their role in production of various crops. Conservation of pollinators. Pollinators, insects as food, soil fertility improving agents, scavengers. Use of insects and insect products in medicines. Insects as bio-indicators. Usefulness of insects in scientific investigations
Unit 19: Statistics and Computer Application
Frequency distribution, mean, mode and median. Standard, normal, bionomial and Poisson’s distribution, Sampling methods and standard errors. Correlation and regression: Partial and multiple, tests of significance; t, F, chi- square, Duncan’s multiple range tests. Design of experiments: Principles of Randomized block design, Completely randomized block design, Latin square design, Split-plot designs. Probit analysis. Use of software packages like SPSS, SAS, etc. for the above tests and designs of experiments for analysis.
Part – B: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: Cell Organelles and Water Relations
Cell organelles and their physiological functions Structure and physiological functions of cell wall, cell inclusions. Cell membrane structure and functions. Water and its role in plants, properties and functions of water in the cell, water relations, water potential of plant cells. Mechanism of water uptake by roots transport in roots, movement of water in plants, water loss from plants, energy balance, solar energy, input energy dissipation at crop canopy level. Evapotranspiration, plant factors influencing transpiration rate. Stomata, structure function – Mechanism of stomatal movement, antitranspirants. Physiology of water high temperature and salinity stress in plants. Influence of water stresses at cell, organ, plant and canopy levels. Indices for assessment of drought resistance.
Unit 2: Metabolic Processes and Growth Regulation
Energy and work, free energy and chemical potential, redox reactions and electrochemical potential. Enzyme classification and mechanism of action, factors affecting enzyme action. Gene expression and protein turnover. Photosynthesis, translocation and respiration as key processes regulating carbon metabolism and plant growth. Photosynthesis and _ bioproductivity. Photochemical process-Chloroplast, its structure, CAM plants and their significance. Rubisco structure and regulations, Photorespiration and its significance, CO2 fixation as a diffusive process, effect of environmental factors on photosynthetic rates. Synthesis of sucrose, starch, oligo and polysaccharides. Translocations of photosynthates and its importance in sink growth. Mitochondrial respiration, growth and maintenance respiration, cyanide resistant respiration and its significance. Nitrogen metabolism. Inorganic nitrogen species (N2, N03, NH3) and their reduction, protein synthesis, nucleic acids. Sulphate uptake and reduction. Lipid metabolism- storage, protective and structural lipids. Secondary metabolites and their significance in plant defence mechanism. Growth and differentiation, hormonal concept of growth and differentiation, plant growth hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene, etc.), biosynthesis of growth hormones and their metabolism, synthetic growth regulators, growth retardant, apical dominance, senescence, fruit growth, abscission, photo-morphogenesis, photo-receptors, phytochrome, physiology of flowering, photoperiodism and vernalisation.
Unit 3: Crop Productivity and Modelling
Role of crop physiology in agriculture, crop growth and productivity, crop growth models describing yield (Duncan/Passioura), phenology-crop productivity, growth factors related to biomass – concept of growth ratescanopy photosynthesis (leaf area and net assimilation rates as determining factors). Light interception as a major function of leaf area-index, LAD canopy architecture- Light extinction coefficient relative growth rate. Net assimilation rate. Biomass and yield relations. Assimilate partitioning, yield and yield structure analysis. Concept of source and sink, factors influencing source and sink size and productivity. Environmental factors determining crop growth. Light, temperature and VPD, effect of photoperiod and thermoperiod on duration of growth stages. Ideotype concept-selection- indices for improving crop productivity.
Unit 4: Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants
Abiotic stresses affecting plant productivity. Basic principles of a crop improvement programme under stress, interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses. Drought 21 characteristic features, water potential in the soilplant-air continuum. Development of water deficits, energy balance concept, transpiration and it’s regulation — stomatal functions/VPD. Physiological process affected by drought. Drought resistance mechanisms: Escape, dehydration postponement (Drought avoidance), Dehydration tolerance, and characteristics of resurrection plants. Osmotic adjustment Osmoprotectants, stress proteins. Water use efficiency as a drought resistance trait. Molecular responses to water deficit stress perception, expression of regulatory and function genes and significance of gene products. Stress and hormones-ABA as a signaling molecule — Cytokinin as negative signal. Oxidative stress: reactive oxygen species (ROS) — role of scavenging systems (SOD, catalase etc.). High temperature stress: tolerance mechanisms- role of membrane lipids in high temperance tolerance. Functions of HSPs chilling stress; effects on physiological processes. Crucial role of membrane lipids. Salinity: species variation in salt tolerance. Salinity effects at cellular and whole plant level, tolerance mechanisms. Breeding for salt resistance. Heavy metal stress: aluminum and cadmium toxicity in acid soils. Role of phytochelatins (heavy, metal binding proteins).
Unit 5: Plant Growth Regulators and Plant Development
Plant growth regulators — Hormones, endogenous growth substances and synthetic chemicals. Endogenous growth regulating substances other than hormones. Brassinosteriods, triacontanol, phenols polyamines, jasmonates, concept of death hormone. Classification, site of synthesis, biosynthetic pathways and metabolism and influence on plant growth and development by auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. Concept of hormone action – hormone receptors and signal transduction Hormone mutants. Hormonal regulation of gene expressions at various developmental stages of plant-flowering, seed maturity, seed dormancy. Action of hormones on cellular functions: Auxins- cell elongation, retardation of abscission of plant parts, gibberellins — stem elongation, germination of dormant seeds, cytokinins-cell division, retardation of senescence. Abscisicacidstomatal closure and induction of drought resistance, ethylene- fruit ripening, acceleration of senescence of leaves. Interaction of hormones in regulation of plant growth and development processes. Synthetic growth regulators, growth retardants, apical dominance, senescence, fruit growth, abscission. Growth and differentiation, hormonal concept of growth and differentiations. Rooting of cuttings- flowering- physiological and molecular aspects of control of reproductive growth. Apical dominance, senescence and abscission. Fruit growth and development, physiological and molecular aspects of ripening processes and improving post- harvest life of fruits. Induction and breaking dormancy in seeds and buds. Synthetic growth regulators. Practical utility in agriculture and horticulture. Herbicides, classification and their mode of action.
Unit 6: Mineral Nutrition
Importance of mineral nutrition in plant growth. Classification and essentiality criteria. General mechanisms – concept of apparent free space and nature of bio-membranes. Dual mechanism and other concepts of ion uptake. Short distance transport-pathway from external solution (Apoplasm) to sieve across the root cortical cells-factors contributing to xylem loading. Long distance transport in xylem and phloem, xylem unloading in leaf cells. Uptake and release of mineral nutrients by foliage. Rhizosphere and root biology, root growth, influence of microorganism in nutrient acquisition, release and uptake by plant roots. Yield and mineral nutrition-concept of nutrient use efficiency, Mineral nutrition under adverse soil situations-drought, salinity, acidity etc. Heavy metal toxicity and concept of phytoremediation. Interaction of phytohormones and nutrients. Molecular aspects- uptake and transport, role of transporter genes, genetics of nutrient uptake, identification and transfer of genes for tolerance to nutrient deficiencies, etc. Soil less culture – Hydroponics – Role of Macro, Micro and beneficial nutrients- Identification of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities.
Unit 7: Climate and Climate Change
Climate-Analytical methods to determine long term changes in environment- Tree ring, cellulose, stable carbon isotope discrimination, stable 18O discrimination for hydrological changes. Likely changes in climate in future and its impact on crop and ecosystems. The greenhouse gases and global warning. CO2 as an important greenhouses gas, global carbon deposits, fluxes in the sinks and sources. Approaches to contain atmospheric CO2 level. Effect of elevated CO2 on plant growth and development. Methane as a greenhouse gas. Prediction on global warming, GCA models, effects on climate and biota. High temperature and CO2 interaction on plant growth and productivity, ionising radiation UV-B chlorofluoro carbon (CFC)– their impact on ozone layer- ozone hole and alteration in UV-B radiation. Effects of UV-B radiation on plant ecosystem, repair and acclimation to UV-B damage. Carotenoids and their role in membrane stabilization. Air pollution, SO2, NO, methane, ozone, peroxy acetyl nitrate and their effect on ecosystem. Industrial and domestic effluent-their effect, on aquatic ecosystem, plant growth and development.
Unit 8: Seed Physiology
Structure of seeds and their storage. Seed development patterns and source of assimilates for seed development. Pathway of movement of assimilates in developing grains of monocots and dicots. Chemical composition of seeds. Storage of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in seeds. Hydration of seeds. Physiological processes. Seed respiration, mitochondrial activity Mobilization of stored resource in seeds. Chemistry of oxidation of starch, proteins and fats. Utilization of breakdown products by embryonic axis. Control processes in mobilization of stored reserves. Role of embryonic axes. Gibberellin and?-amylase and other hydrolytic activity. Seed maturation phase and desiccation damage, role of LEA proteins. Seed viability. Seed dormancy. Means to overcome seed dormancy.
Unit 9: Physiology of Flowering and Reproduction
Evolutionary history of flowering plants (angiosperms). Semelparous and iteroparous reproduction, monocarpic and perennial life etc. Flowering phenomenon, effect of plant age, juvenility- transition to flowering. Flowering nature and classification of plants. Photoperiodic responses and the mechanisms in short and long day plants. Theories related to flowering. Endogenous substances and flowering. Gene expression in flowering. Control of flowering. Thermoperiodism – photo and thermo-period interactions. Vernalization-mechanism. Photomorphogenesis, photoreceptors, phytochrome, cryptochrome, physiology of flowering, photoperiodism and vernalization. Optimization in flowering response-to environmental features (light, temperature, stress) etc. plant reproductive physiology. Mating strategy in plants, molecular techniques to understand mating patterns, selfincompatibility responses, physiological processes mediating fertilization (pollen-stigma interactions), seed and fruit development, seed and fruit abortion and means to overcome it. Molecular biology of seed development, physiological basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. Physiology of heterosis.
Unit 10: Physiology of Horticultural and Plantation Crop Species
Growth and development of horticultural and plantation crop species. Juvenility, shoot growth, types of shoots, patterns of shoot growth, cambial growth and its regulation. Physiological aspects of pruning and dwarfing. Growth measurements. Water relations of tree species. Water uptake and transport. Concepts of transpiration rate and water use efficiency. Sexual and asexual propagation. Rootstock and scion interactions. Physiology of flowering in perennial species, photoperiodism and thermoperiodism. Physiological aspects of fruit crops: mango, banana, grapes, citrus, papaya and pineapple etc. Physiological aspects of plantation crops: tea, coffee, cardamom, coconut, and black pepper. Physiological constraints and remedial measures of horticultural and plantation crops.
Unit 11: Post-Harvest Physiology
Senescence and ageing in plants. Ethylene – the senescence hormone, leaf senescence. Monocarpic plant senescence. Biochemistry and molecular biology of flower senescence. Gene expression during senescence. Concept of physiological maturity of seeds – post harvest changes in biochemical constituents in field crops – loss of viability, loss of nutritive value, environmental factors influencing post-harvest deterioration of seeds. Physiological and biochemical changes during fruit ripening and storage. Senescence and post-harvest life of cut flowers. Physical, physiological and chemical control of post – harvest deterioration of fruits, vegetables and cut flowers and its significance during storage and transport. Molecular approach in regulation of fruit ripening. Transgenic technology for improvement of shelf-life. Edible vaccine.
Unit 12: Morphogenesis, Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation
Morphogenesis; the cellular basis of growth and morphogenesis; polarity in tip growing cells and diffusive growing cells. Control of cell division and differentiation, phyto-chromes, different forms, physiological effects and gene regulation, and cellular totipotency, physiology and biochemistry of differentiation, in organ cell, tissue and cultures, micropropagation strategies, application of tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and industry: plant transformation; transformation vectors, concept of selectable and scorable markers. Agrobacterium mediated transformation, binary vectors, biolistics. Electroporation, selection of putative transgenic plants, genetic analysis. PCR, Southern analysis evaluation of transgenic plants.
Unit 13: Phenomics
Phenotyping methods, phenotyping under different abiotic stress like drought, High temp., salinity etc. Image based phenotyping traits, Use of UAV in phenotyping and trait dissection under field conditions
Part- B: SOIL SCIENCE
Unit 1: Pedology
Concept of land, soil and soil science. Composition of earth crust and its relationship with soils; Rocks, minerals and other soil forming materials; Weathering of rocks and minerals; Factors of soil formation; Pedogenic processes and their relationships with soil properties; Soil development; Pedon, polypedon, soil profile, horizons and their nomenclature. Soil Taxonomy – epipedons, diagnostic subsurface horizons and other diagnostic characteristics, soil moisture and temperature regimes, Interpretation of soil survey data for land capability and crop suitability classifications, Fertility Capability Classification- Nutrient indexing. Macro-morphological study of soils. Application and use of global positioning system for soil survey. Soil survey- types and techniques. Soil series characterization and procedure for establishing soil series, benchmark soils and soil correlations. Study of base maps: cadastral maps, toposheets, aerial photographs and satellite imageries. Use of geographical information system for preparing thematic maps. Application of Remote Sensing in soil survey and mapping. Soils of India
Unit 2: Soil Physics
Significance of soil physical properties. Soil texture — Stoke’s Law- textural classes. Soil structure — classification, soil aggregation and significance, soil consistency, bulk density and particle density of soils and porosity, their significance and manipulation. Soil water- retention and potentials. Soil moisture constants. Movement of soil water- saturated and unsaturated flow- Darcy’s law – hydraulic conductivity – infiltration, percolation, permeability, drainage and methods of determination of soil moisture. Thermal properties of soils, soil temperature. Soil air- composition, gaseous exchange, influence of soil temperature and air on plant growth. Soil physical constraints affecting crop production and their management strategies.Methods of soil analysis – particle size distribution, bulk and particle density, moisture constants. Soil erosion – types, effects,. Rain erosivity and soil erodibility. Runoff – methods of measurement, factors and management. Soil conservation measures. Characterization and evaluation of soil and land quality indicators; Causes of land degradation; Management of soil physical properties for prevention/restoration of land degradation; management of waste lands; Concept of watershed — its characterization and management.
Unit 3: Soil Chemistry
Chemical composition of soil; Soil colloids – structure, composition, constitution of clay minerals, amorphous clays and other non-crystalline silicate minerals, oxide and hydroxide minerals; Charge development on clays and organic matter; pH-charge relations; Buffer capacity of soils. Inorganic and organic colloids- surface charge characteristics, diffuse double layer, zeta potential. Soil organic matter fractionation, humus formation and theories clay-organic interactions. Cation exchange — Hysteresis-definition. Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and ammonium fixation in soils and management aspects.
Unit 4: Soil Fertility
Essential elements in plant nutrition; Nutrient cycles in soil; Transformation and movement of nutrients (Macro and micro nutrients) in soil; Manures and fertilizers; Fate and reactions of fertilizers in soils; Slow release fertilizers and nitrification retarders- Soil fertility evaluation- Concepts and approaches ;. FCO Soil fertility evaluation – soil testing, plant and tissue tests and biological methods; Common soil test methods for fertilizer recommendation; Nutrient Management concepts- INM, IPNS, SSNM- Soil test-crop response correlations; Fertilizer application methods- Nutrient use efficiency- Macro and micronutrients. Nature, properties and development of acid, acid sulphate, saline and alkali soils and their management; Lime and gypsum requirements of soils; Irrigation water quality – EC, SAR, RSC. Fertility status of soils of India. Pollution: types, causes, and management. Carbon sequestration and carbon trading. Modern methods of soil, plant and fertilizer analysis; Flame photometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; Spectrophotometry – visible, ultra-violet and infrared; Atomic absorption spectrophotometry; Potentiometry and conductimetry; X-ray diffractometry; Mass spectrometry.
Unit 5: Soil Microbiology
Soil biota, soil microbial ecology, types of organisms. Soil microbial biomass, microbial interactions, unculturable soil biota. Microbiology and biochemistry of root-soil interface. Phyllosphere. Soil enzymes, origin, activities and importance. Soil characteristics influencing growth and activity of microflora. Microbial transformations of N, P, K, S, Fe and Zn in soil. Biochemical composition and biodegradation of soil organic matter and crop residues. Humus formation. Cycles of important organic nutrients. Biodegradation of pesticides, organic wastes and their use for production of biogas and manures. Biofertilizers – definition, classification, specifications, method of production and role in crop production.
Unit 6: Statistics
Experimental designs for pot culture and field experiments; Statistical measures of central tendency and dispersion; Correlation and regression; Tests of significance – t and F tests; Computer use in soil research, Geostatistics.
Part-B: HORTICULTURE (FLORICULTURE & LANDSCAPING)
Unit 1: Breeding
Principles – Evolution of varieties, origin, distribution, genetic resources, genetic divergence. Patents and Plant Variety Protection in India; Genetic inheritance of flower colour, doubleness, flower size, fragrance, post-harvest life; Breeding methods suitable for sexually and asexually propagated flower crops and ornamental plants – introduction, selection, domestication, polyploidy and mutation breeding for varietal development, Role of heterosis, Production of hybrids, Male sterility, incompatibility problems, seed production of flower crops; Breeding constrains and achievements made in commercial flowers – rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, crossandra, carnation, dahlia, gerbera, gladioli, orchids, anthurium, aster, heliconia, liliums, Breeding constrains and achievements made in ornamental plants – petunia, hibiscus, bougainvillea, Flowering annuals (zinnia, cosmos, dianthus, snap dragon, pansy) and ornamental foliages – Introduction and selection of plants for waterscaping and xeriscaping.
Unit 2: Production Technology of Cut Flowers
Scope of cut flowers in global trade, Global Scenario of cut flower production, Varietal wealth and diversity, area under cut flowers and production problems in India – Patent rights, nursery management, media for nursery, special nursery practices; Growing environment, open cultivation, protected cultivation, soil requirements, artificial growing media, soil decontamination techniques, planting methods, influence of environmental parameters, light, temperature, moisture, humidity and CO2 on growth and flowering; Flower production – water and nutrient management, rationing, fertigation, weed management, training and pruning, disbudding, special horticultural practices, use of growth regulators, physiological disorders and remedies, IPM and IDM, production for exhibition purposes; Flower forcing and year round flowering through physiological interventions, chemical regulation, environmental manipulation; Cut flower standards and grades, harvest indices, harvesting techniques, postharvest handling, Pre-cooling, pulsing, packing, Storage and transportation, marketing, export potential, institutional support, Agrl. Export Zones; Crops: Cut rose, cut chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera, gladioli, tuberose, orchids, anthurium, aster, lilies, bird of paradise, heliconia, alstroemeria, alpinia, ornamental ginger, bromeliads, dahlia, gypsophilla, limonium, statice, stock, cut foliage.
Unit 3: Production Technology for Loose Flowers
Scope of loose flower trade, Significance in the domestic /export markets, Varietal wealth and diversity, propagation, sexual and asexual propagation methods, propagation in mist chambers, nursery management, pro-tray nursery under shadenets, transplanting techniques; Soil and climate requirements, field preparation, systems of planting, precision farming techniques; Water and nutrient management, weed management, training and pruning, pinching and disbudding, special horticultural practices, use of growth regulators, physiological disorders and
remedies, IPM and IDM; Flower forcing and year round flowering production for special occasions through physiological interventions, chemical regulation; Harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling and grading, packing and storage, value addition, concrete and essential oil extraction, transportation and marketing, export potential, institutional support, Agrl. Export Zones; Crops – Jasmine, scented rose, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, crossandra, nerium, hibiscus, celosia, gomphrena, non-traditional flowers (barleria, Nyctanthes, Tabernaemontana, ixora, lotus, pandanus, etc.).
Unit 4: Landscaping
Landscape designs, Styles of garden, formal, informal and free style gardens, types of gardens, English, Mughal, Japanese, Persian, Spanish, Italian, Vanas, Buddha garden; Urban landscaping, Landscaping for specific situations, institutions, industries, residents, hospitals, roadsides, traffic islands, damsites, IT parks, corporates; Garden plant components, arboretum, shrubbery, fernery, palmatum, arches and pergolas, edges and hedges, climbers and creepers, cacti and succulents, herbs, annuals, flower borders and beds, ground covers, carpet beds, bamboo groves; Production technology for selected ornamental plants; Lawns, Establishment and maintenance, special types of gardens, vertical garden, roof garden, bog garden, sunken garden, rock garden, clock garden, colour wheels, temple garden, sacred groves; Bio-aesthetic planning, eco-tourism, theme parks, indoor gardening, therapeutic gardening, non-plant components, water scaping, xeriscaping, hardscaping.
Unit 5: Protected Floriculture
Prospects of protected floriculture in India; Types of protected structures – Greenhouses, polyhouses, shade houses, rain shelters etc., Designing and erection of protected structures; Low cost/Medium cost/High cost structures – economics of cultivation; Location specific designs; Structural components; Suitable flower crops for protected cultivation; Environment control – management and manipulation of temperature, light, humidity, air and CO2; Heating and cooling systems, ventilation, naturally ventilated greenhouses, fan and pad cooled greenhouses, light regulation; Containers and substrates, soil decontamination, layout of drip and fertigation system, water and nutrient management, weed management, physiological disorders, IPM and IDM; Crop regulation by chemical methods and special horticultural practices (pinching, disbudding, deshooting, deblossoming, etc.), Staking and netting, Photoperiod regulation; Harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling techniques, Pre-cooling, sorting, grading, packing, storage, quality standards.
Unit 6: Value Addition
Prospects of value addition, National and global scenario, production and exports, Women empowerment through value added products making, supply chain management; Types of value added products, value addition in loose flowers, garlands, veni, floats, floral decorations, value addition in cut flowers, flower arrangement styles, ikebana, moribana, free style, bouquets, button-holes, flower baskets, corsages, floral wreaths, garlands, etc.; Selection of containers and accessories for floral products and decorations; Dry flowers – Identification and selection of flowers and plant parts; Raw material procurement, preservation and storage; Techniques in dry flower making – Drying, bleaching, dyeing, embedding, pressing; Accessories; Designing and arrangement – dry flower baskets, bouquets, pot-pourri, wall hangings, button holes, greeting cards, wreaths; Packing and storage; Concrete and essential oils; Selection of species and varieties (including non-conventional species), extraction methods, Plant pigments: Significance of natural pigments, Applications; Selection of species and varieties, Types of pigments – carotenoids, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, betalains; Extraction methods; Packing and storage, .
Unit 7: Turfing and Turf Management
Prospects of landscape industry, History of landscape gardening, site selection, basic requirements, site evaluation, concepts of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil pertaining to turf grass establishment; Turf grasses – Types, species, varieties, hybrids; Selection of grasses for different locations; Grouping according to climatic requirement – Adaptation; Turfing for roof gardens; Preparatory operations; Growing media used for turf grasses – Turf establishment methods, seeding, sprigging/dibbling, plugging, sodding/turfing, turf plastering, hydro-seeding, astro-turfing; Turf management – Irrigation, nutrition, special practices, aerating, rolling, soil top dressing, use of turf growth regulators (TGRs) and micronutrients, Turf mowing – mowing equipments, techniques to minimize wear and compaction, weed control, biotic and abiotic stress management in turfs; Establishment and maintenance of turfs for playgrounds, viz. golf, football, hockey, cricket, tennis, rugby, etc.
Unit 8: Computer Aided Designing (CAD) for Outdoor and Indoorscaping
Exposure to CAD (Computer Aided Designing) – Applications of CAD in landscape garden designing, 2D drawing by AUTOCAD, 3D drawing by ARCHICAD, Creating legends for plant and non-plant components, Basics of Photoshop software in garden designing; 2D drawing methods, AUTOCAD Basics, Coordinate systems in AUTOCAD LOT 2007, Point picking methods, Toolbars and Icons, File handling functions, Modifying tools, Modifying comments,Isometric drawings, Drafting objects; Using patterns in AUTOCAD drawing, Dimension concepts, Hyperlinking, Script making, Using productivity tools,e-transmit file, making sample drawing for outdoor and indoor garden by AUTOCAD 2D Drawing techniques, Drawing web format design, Making layout; 3D drawing methods, ARCHICAD file system, Tools and Infobox, modification tools, structural elements, GDL objects (Grid Dimensional Linking), Creation of garden components through ARCHICAD; ARCHICAD organization tools, Dimensioning and detailing of designs, Attribute settings of components, Visualization tools for landscape preview, data management, plotting and accessories for designing, inserting picture using Photoshop, Making sample drawing for outdoor and indoor gardens.
Ph. D. Eligibility Test-2022 – TEST PATTERN
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of defining the Problem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design. Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
Measures Of Central Tendency – Mean, Median And Mode Of Grouped Data, Variance, Standard Deviation, Standard Error, Graphical Representation Of Data, Correlation And Regression Probability In Biology, Normal, Binomial, Poisson Distribution. Student’s T-Test, Chi-Square Test.Aqueous Solutions (Molarity, Molality And Normality), Acid And Bases, Buffers, Calculation Of Equilibrium Constants, Oxidation and Reduction Reactions, Radioactivity (Specific Activity Half Life And Isotope Dilution And Dual Labeling) And Beer Lamberts Laws. Enzyme Units and Specific Activity Of Enzymes, Km And Vmax, EnzymeInhibitors.
Principles, Instrumentation and Applications Of VIS, UV Fluorescence Spectroscopy.
Separation Methods: Chromatography And Electrophoresis; Principles And Applications Of Different Types Of Chromatography (Partition, Adsorption, Ion Ex Change, Affinity Etc.,). Instrumentation And Applications Of HPLC, GC, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy And MS (MALDI-TOF). Principle And Applications Of Electrophoresis. Agarose and SDSPAGE. Disc GelElectrophoresis, Isoelectricfocusing, 2DElectrophoresis,CapillaryElectrophoresisAndPFGE.DNASequencingAndTransferTechniques.
Use Of Databases; Data Mining, DNA Sequence Databases, Protein Sequence And Structure Databases, Comparing DNA Sequences, Alignment, Multiple Sequence Alignments, Clustalw.
Genomics; HUGO & HGP; Strategies For Sequencing Genomes, Shotgun Sequencing, Physical Maps, Ests And Hierarchical Sequencing Micro-Arrays For Sequencing And Resequencing, Snps And Human Disease.
Proteomics: Comparing Protein Sequences, Alignment, Predicting Secondary Structure – AbInitio,Homology Folding, Threading. MS
Cell Division And Cell Cycle, Fundamental Aspects Of Cell Culture, Apoptosis, Stem Cells And Their Medical Applications, Discovery Of Oncogenes, Proto-Oncogenes, Discovery Of Tumor Suppressor Genes.
Cell Communication And Type Of Signaling Molecules (Hydrophobic And Hydrophilic), Types Of Receptors And Their Structures, Second Messengers – Ca, Phosphoinositides, And Camp.
Metabolism; Carbohydrate, Lipid And Nuclei Acid Metabolism. Associated Disorders.
Mechanism of Enzyme catalysis.
Immunonology; Overview And Elements Of Immune System, Antibodies – Structure Of Ig, Function Of Various Domains, Antigen Antibody Interactions – Avidity, Affinity, Idiotypes, Generation Of Antibody Diversity, Cytokines, Interferons And Autoimmunity,
Immunological techniques (basic and applied)
Replication Transcription And Translation In Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes: Models Of Replication – Random, Conservative, Semiconservative, DNA Polymerases In E. Coli & Mammals, Replication Of Circular Chromosomes -Φx174, E. ColiReplication Of Linear Chromosomes, Telomeres, Telomerases. DNA Damage, Repair and Recombination.
Transcription And Translation, Protein Synthesis, Sorting, Targeting And Degradation.
Regulation Of Gene Expression; Operon Concept, +Ve& -Ve Control -Lac Operon, Chromatin Structure In Active And Inactive Regions – DNA Methylation, Transcriptional Control – Cell Specific Expression – Promoters, Enhancers, DNA Binding Proteins, Regulation By SiRNA.
Scope and importance of Microbiology Classification of microbial world according to two kingdoms three kingdoms five kingdoms three domains Outlines of bacterial classification according to bergeys manual of systemic bacteriology Microbial techniques Sterilization Staining and isolations.Recombinant DNA Technology: Plasmids And Vectors, DNA Modifying Enzymes, Restriction Endonucleases, Genomic And Cdna Libraries, Reporter Genes And Fusion Proteins.Molecular techniques.
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of defining the Problem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design. Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
PART-A
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining theProblem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
PART B
Metal-ligand bonding: Crystal field theory – crystal field splitting patterns in octahedral, tetrahedral tetragonal, square planar, square pyramidal and trigonalbipyramidal geometries- Determination of crystal field splitting energy – calculation of crystal field stabilization energies – Factors affecting crystal field splitting energies- spectrochemical series – MLCT and LMCT transitions in coordination compounds – Jahn-Teller effect –Molecular Orbital theory – ligand field theory.
Electronic spectra: Term symbols – Russell – Saunders coupling – derivation of term symbols for various configurations – Spectroscopic ground states – selection rules -correlation diagrams; Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for transition metal complexes (d1-d9 states) – calculations of Dq, B and β parameters – charge transferspectra.
Metal-Ligand Equilibria in solutions: Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interaction -Trends in successive formation constants – Factors effecting the stability of metal complexes with reference to the nature of metal ion and ligand – The chelate effect – Determination of formation constants by pH metry and spectrophotometry – The Irving-Williams series.
Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions-I: Energy profile of reaction – reactivity of metal complexes – Inert and labile complexes – Substitution reactions in octahedral complexes: kinetics
of octahedral substitution, acid hydrolysis, factors affecting acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, conjugate base mechanism, anation reactions, reactions without metal ligand bond cleavage – Substitution reactions in square planar complexes – The trans effect in Pt(II) complexes – Polarisation and π-bonding theories of trans effect.
Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions-II: Oxidation-reduction reactions- classification of redox reactions – mechanism of one electron transfer reactions – Inner sphere redox reactions – outer sphere redox reactions – mixed inner and outer sphere reactions – two equivalent-one equivalent reactions of thallium(III)-thallium(I) and Hg(I)-Hg(II).
Bioinorganic Chemistry: Metal ions in Biology; Molecular mechanism of ion transport across membranes- ionophores; Photosynthesis; Nitrogen fixation; Oxygen uptake proteins – hemoglobin and myoglobin; Electron transfer proteins – Cytochromes and Ferrodoxins; Inorganic medicinal compounds – superoxide dismutage mimics, vanadium based diabetic drugs and platinum containing anticanceragents.
Organometallic Chemistry: Introduction, Nomenclature, the 18-electron rule. Metal carbonyls, structure and bonding, vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for bonding and structural elucidation, important reactions of metal carbonyls; preparation, bonding, structure and important reactions of transition metal nitrosyl, dinitrogen and dioxygen complexes; tertiary phosphine as ligand; Metallocenes-ferrocene; Catalysis by organometallic compounds – hydrogenation, hydroformylation, andpolymerization.
Metal Clusters: Higher boranes, carboranes, metalloboranes and metallocarboranes. Metal compounds with metal-metal multiple bonds. Preparation, properties and structures of Re2Cl82-, Mo2Cl84-, Re2(RCOO)4X2, Cr2Cl93-, W2Cl93-, Re3Cl9, Re3Cl123-, Mo6Cl84+, Nb6Cl122+.
Solid State and Structural Chemistry: Crystal structures – close packing, body centered and primitive structures; Symmetry in crystals, Crystallographic point groups; Description of structures – AB structures (NaCl, CsCl, ZnS), AB2 structures (Rutile, Fluorite), A2B3 structures (β-Al2O3), ABO3 structures (perovskite) and AB2O4Spinels.
Nature of bonding in Organic Molecules: Localised and delocalised covalent bond, concept of aromaticityannulenes and hetero annulenes, inductive and mesomeric effects. Huckel’s rule for aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, anti-aromaticity and homo-aromaticity. Introduction to types of organic reactions and reactive intermediates.
Stereochemistry and Stereoisomerism: Conformational isomerism and analysis in acyclic and simple cyclic systems – substituted ethanes, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclo octane and decalins. Optical isomerism – optical activity -molecular dissymmetry and chirality (Chiral centre, chiral axis, chiral plane), elements of symmetry. Fisher’s projection D,L. and R,S. configurations – relative and absolute configurations, optical isomerism due toasymmetriccarbon atoms, optical isomerism in biphenyls, allenes and spirans. Optical isomerism of nitrogenous compounds, racemisation and resolution – geometrical isomerism and E,Z configurations, properties of geometrical isomers. Recognition of symmetry elements and chiral structures, R-S-nomenclature, diastereoisomerism in acylic and cyclic systems inter conversions of Fisher, Newman and Saw-horse projections.
Addition Mechanisms: Addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Addition reactions involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals, cyclic mechanisms, orientation and stereochemistry.
Rearrangements: Classification and general mechanistic treatment of nucleophilic, free radical and electrophilic rearrangements, Wagner–Meerwein, Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, Neber, Hofmann, Stevens ,Wittig and Fries rearrangements.
Natural Products: Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of alkaloids: atropine, nicotine, papaverine, purines: caffeine. flavonoids: quercetin: genestein. terpenoids: citral ,α- terpeneol, camphor.
Aliphatic and Aromatic Substitution Reactions: Nucleophilic – The SN2, SN1, SNi and SET mechanisms, neighbouring group participation, anchimeric assistance, classical and non classicalcarbocations, phenonium ions, norbornyl system, allylic, aliphatic, trigonal and vinylic carbon, factors effecting substitutions.Electrophilic – SE1, SE2 and SEi Mechanisms and related effects.
Elimination Reactions: The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms and their orientation of the double bond. Reactivity-effects of substrate structure, attacking base, leaving group and the medium.Stereochemistry of eliminations in acyclic and cyclic systems, orientation in eliminations – Saytzeff and Hoffman elimination, Regio and stereo selectivity reactions.
Basic concepts of some organic reactions: Aldol, Stobbe, Cannizaro, Wittig, Grignard, Reformatsky Reactions. Openauer oxidation, Clemmensen reduction , Birch reductions, Michael addition, Mannich Reaction, Diels – Alder reaction, Ene-reaction, Bayer -Villiger Reaction, Wolf-Kishner reduction, Favorskii reaction, Chichibabin reaction. Vilsmeier, Robinson annulation.
Synthesis and Reactivity of the compounds with one heteroatom: Pyrrole, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Indole, Benzofuran and Benzothiophene.Synthesis and Reactivity of the compounds with more than one heteroatom Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole, Isoxazole, Thiazole, Isothiazole, Pyridazine, Pyrimidine ,Pyrazine and Purine.
Organic Synthesis: Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and selectivity involving the following classes of compounds – alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, halides, nitro compounds, amines and amides. Uses of Mg, Li, Cu, B, Zn and Si based reagents in organic synthesis.
Carboncarbon bond formation through coupling reactions – Heck, Suzuki, Stille and Sonogoshira.Selectivity in organic synthesis – chemo, region and stereoselectivity.Protection and deprotection of functional groups.Concepts of asymmetric synthesis – resolution (including enzymatic), desymmetrization and use of chiral auxilliaries.Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions through enolates (including boron enolates), enamines and silylenol ethers.Michael addition reaction.Stereoselective addition to C=O groups (Cram and FelkinAnh models).
Pericyclic Reactions and Photochemistry: Electrocyclic, cycloaddition and sigmatropic reactions. Orbital correlations – FMO and PMO treatments. Photochemistry of alkenes, arenes and carbonyl compounds. Photooxidation and photoreduction.Diπmethane rearrangement and Barton reaction.
Theories of reaction rates– Collision theory, Arrhenious reaction; Theory of absolute reaction rates-Reaction coordinate, transition state, thermodynamic formulation of reaction rates; Unimolecular reactions- Lindemann’s theory and RRKM theory; Reactions in solution– primary and secondary salt effects, effect of solvent on reaction rate; effect of substituent on reactionrate
Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis- acid-base catalysis- mechanism of acid-base catalysis – Enzyme catalysis- Michaelis-Menten kinetics – Heterogeneous catalysis- Langmuir adsorption isotherm- unimolecular and bimolecular reactions-catalytic poisoning-active centers, surface area-determination of surface area with BET equation.
Complex reactions: Opposing, parallel and consecutive reactions (all first order type)- derivation of rate-law, Chain reactions- derivation of rate-laws for H2-Cl2 and H2-Br2 reactions; Fast reactions-study of fast reactions by flow methods and relaxationmethods.
Second law of thermodynamics– concept of entropy-entropy change in reversible process and irreversible process-entropy of mixing; Fugacity: concept-Determination- Variation of fugacity with pressure; concept of partial molar properties- chemical potential-significance-variation with preassure and temperature- Gibbs-Duhem equation; Van’t Hoff reaction isotherm, Claussius- Claperyon equation
Third law of thermodynamics– Nernst heat theorem-determination of absolute entropy- limitations of third law of thermodynamics; Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Diracstatistics, Partition function-rotational, translational, vibrational and electronic partition functions for diatomic molecules.
Electrochemical cells: Measurement of EMF-Nernst equation-effect of complexation on electrode potential; Polarization-Decomposition potential and overvoltage- Factors affecting overvoltage- Importance of over-voltage; Activity and activity coefficients- determination of mean ionic activity coefficient by EMF method; Debye-Huckel limiting law (DHLL) and its verification, Extended Debye-Huckel law; Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation(derivation not required)-verification and its limitations.Applications: Batteries-primary and secondary cells – lechlanche cell, lead acid storage battery, Nickel-Cadmium cell; Fuel cells-Oxygen-hydrogen fuel cell; Corrosion- theories of dry and wet corrosion-different forms of corrosion- prevention and control of corrosion – cathodic protection- sacrificial anodic and impressed current methods- inhibitors-anodic and cathodic inhibitors; protective coatings-galvanising and tinning
Adsorption:Gibbs adsorption isotherm, types of adsorption isotherms, physisorption and chemisorption, , Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. BET equation (derivation not required) and surface area determination. Kinetics of surface reactions involving adsorbed species, Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism,
Micelles :Surface active agents- classification- critical micellar concentration (CMC)- factors affecting the CMC of surfactants- determination of cmc. Solubilisation-factors influencing the solubilisation.Micellization-thermodynamics of micellization.Micro emulsions- comparision of microemulsions with conventional emulsions-applications. Reverse micelles.
Polymer chemistry :Basic concepts- monomers, repeat units, degree of polymerization, linear, branched and network polymers, classification of polymers. Polymerization-Free radical, ionic and co-ordination polymerization.Kinetics of condensation (step-growth), free-radical and ionic polymerizations. Physical characterization: Number and mass average molecular weights (Mn, Mw), Determination of molecular masses – Osmometry, viscometry and light scattering methods
Wave equation-interpretation of wave function-properties of wave function-normalization and orthogonalisation, operators-linear and non linearcommutators of operators.Postulates of quantum mechanics, setting up of operators observables- Hermitian operator-Eigen values of Hermitian operator Particle in one dimensional box.
Particle in a three dimensional box, rigid rotor, wave mechanics of systems with variable potential energy- simple harmonic oscillator- solution of wave equation-selection rules.
Approximation methods: Perturbation theory- application to ground state energy of Helium atom; Variation principle-applications- calculation of zero point energy of harmonic oscillator. Many electron atom-Hartee-Fock Self consistent field method (qualitative treatment only).
Bonding in molecules: Born-Oppenheimer approximation- Hydrogen molecule ion, LCAO-MO and VB treatments of the hydrogen molecule (fundamental concepts only); electron density, forces and their role in chemical bonding.Hybridization and valence MOs of H2O, NH3 and CH4.Huckel pi-electron theory and its applications to Ethylene, Butadiene and Benzene.
Symmetry and Group Theory in Chemistry: Symmetry elements and symmetry operations and point groups, Schoenflles symbols, classification of molecules into point groups, Axioms of group theory, group multiplication tables for C2v and C3v point groups, representations- reducible and irreducible representations, Mulliken symbols, orthogonality theorem (without proof) and its implications, Character table and itsanatomy.
Spectroscopy-Unifying Principles: Electromagnetic radiation- interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter- absorption, emission, transmission, reflection, refraction, dispersion and scattering Polarization: polarization of light; plane of vibration,plane of polarization, optical activity, factors effecting the angle of rotation, specific rotation, optical rotator dispersion and circular dichroism, cotton effect .
Vibrational and rotational Spectroscopy : Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules- rigid rotor-selection rules- calculation of bond length- isotopic effect- second order stark effect and its applications, infrared spectra of diatomic molecules-harmonic and anharmonic oscillators- Selection rules- overtones-combination bands-calculation of force constant-anharmonicity constant and Zero point energy . Fermi resonance, simultaneous vibration-rotation spectra of diatomic molecules .
Raman Spectroscopy: Raman effect-Classical and quantum mechanical explanations- pure rotational, vibrational and vibrational-rotational Raman spectra- selection rules, mutual exclusion principle.
Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules- vibrational course structure- intensity of spectral lines- Franck-Condon principle –applications- rotational fine structure –band head and band shading- charge transferspectra.
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: Basic principles, zero field splitting- factors affecting the ‘g’ value. Isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants- experimental technique – applications of ESR studies:deuterium,methyl free radical,benzene free radical,parabenzo semi quinine, copper phthalo cyanine, chloroform,hemoglobin, glycene and alanine.
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining theProblem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
Unit I: Data Structures: Understanding of fundamental data structures- Lists, Stacks, Queues, Heaps, Trees, Graphs and their applications. Searching and Sorting Techniques.
Unit II: Operating Systems: Functions, Types of OS, Operating System Structure, Services, System Boot, Process, CPU Scheduling, Process Synchronization, Deadlocks, Memory Management, File Access Methods, Unix Structure and Simple Commands.
Unit III: Object Oriented Programming: Principles of Object Oriented Programming, C++ Tokens, Expressions, Control Structures, Functions in C++, Classes and Objects, Constructors and Destructors, Operator Overloading, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Exception Handling.
Unit IV: Database Management System: Introduction, Data Models, Schemas and Instance, ThreeSchema Architecture and Data Independence, E-R Diagrams, Relational Model, Database Design, Integrity Constraints, Normal Forms, SQL Queries.
Research Methodology:Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem:What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining the Problem.
Research Designing:Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design :Census and Sample Survey, Implications of Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sapling Procedure.
Real Analysis :Finite, countable and uncountable sets, Metric spaces, compact sets, perfect sets, connected sets. Limits of functions, continuous functions, continuous and compactness, continuity and connectedness, discontinuities, monotone functions, infinite limits and limits at infinity.The Continuity of Derivatives, Derivatives of Higher Order-Taylor’s Theorem, Differentiation of Vector-valued Functions.Definition and Existence of the Integral-Properties of the Integral-Integration and Differentiation.
Complex Analysis :Analytic functions and harmonic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, sufficient conditions. Contour integration, Cauchy-Goursat theorem antiderivatives, Integral representation for analytic functions, theorems of Morera and Liouville, uniform convergence of series, Taylor and Laurent series representations, singularities, zeros and poles, Applications of Taylor and Laurent series.
Differential Equations :Ordinary differential equations, existence and uniqueness of solutions of initial value problems for first order ordinary differential equations, singular solutions of first order ordinary differential equations, Boundary value problems. Partial Differential equations : Lagrange and Charpits methods.
Linear Algebra :Vector spaces, subspaces ,quotient spaces ,linear independence and linear dependence, Bases and dimension, kernel, range, isomorphism, Matrix representation of linear transformation, dual spaces Cayley Hamilton theorem, Canonical forms, Inner product spaces.
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining theProblem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
Unit I :Morphology and ultrastructure of microorganisms. Sterilization techniques, Types of media, cultivation of microbes, preservation of microbial cultures, Microscopy, staining techniques, bacterial growth kinetics.Fermented foods, SCP, food microbiology.Biofertilizers, Biopesticides. Microbial ecology, Extremophiles.Design and types of fermentors, upstream and downstream processing.
Unit II : Classification, chemistry, properties and functions of metabolism Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids –of carbohydrates, amino acids, Enzymes : classification, nomenclature, assay & kinetics. Ribozymes and abzymes.Enzyme inhibition.Enzyme purification.Centrifugation, chromatographic techniques andelectrophoresis.
Unit III :Types of immunity. Antigens & antibody, Ag-Ab reactions.The complement system. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) restriction. Hypersensitive reactions, Autoimmunity. Immunodeficiency diseases, MABs.; Immunization. Major infectious diseases.Antimicrobial agents, new emergingpathogens.
Unit IV :Microbial genetics- genome organisation, DNA structure function, mutations and repairs, recombination in bacteria. Recombinant DNA technology, Blotting techniques. PCR.Cloning vectors.Genomic / gene libraries.DNA sequencing methods.Restriction mapping.Microarrays.Transgenic organisms.Gene therapy.Bioethics.
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining theProblem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
Unit-I :Classical, Quantum and Statistical Mechanics Classical Mechanics
D-Alembert’s Principle, lagrange’s equation, hamilton’s equation of motion and conservation theorems. Euler angles, canonical transformation and poisson brackets.
Quantum Mechanics :General formalism of wave mechanics, schrodinger’s wave equation, angular momentum operators, time independent and dependent perturbation theory. Scattering phenomena, differential – cross section and Born approximation.
Statistical Mechanics :Postulates of statistical mechanics, probability calculations and general interaction between systems. Ensemble- its types- probability calculations, mean energies and dispersions of ensembles. Quantum Statistics .Equation of state for Ideal Bose and Fermi gas, Bose -Einstien condensation, theory of white dwarf stars.
Unit-II : Electrodynamics
Electromotive force-ohm’s law, Motional EMF, electromagnetic induction –Faraday laws, induced electric field, inductance, energy in magnetic fields. Maxwell equations-magnetic charge, Maxwell’s equations in matter, charge and energy equation, Poynting theorem in electromagnetic theory.
Unit-III :Solid State Physics & Nuclear Physics
Crystal structure, latticevibrations -mono and diatomic,specific heat theories- Einstein’s and Debye’s theories. Energy bands in solids- Kronig Penney model, concept of effective mass. Polarisability- theory of electronic, ionic and orientational polarization and classification of magnetic materials.
Nuclear Physics: General properties of nuclei, scattering of α-particles – Experimental verification – Nuclear size – Theories of nuclear composition,– Binding energy – semi empirical mass formula and applications. Interaction of gamma rays with matter – photo electric effect, Compton effect, pair production. Detection of nuclear radiation- ionization chamber and proportional counter. Nuclear fission and fusion
Unit-IV : Low dimensional Physics and ElectronicsElectromagnetic Spectrum, molecular energies, classification of molecules, rotational, vibrational and vibrational-rotational spectra of diatomic molecules, characteristic group absorptions, IR spectrometer, electronic spectra, frank condon principle. Hydrogen atom-spectrum, orbital angular momentum, larmor precession, Stern and gerlach experiment, Energy levels and transitions in helium atom, normal and anomalous zeeman effect.
Electronics:Basics of semiconductor, semiconductor diodes, transistors, rectifiers, amplifiers, active Filters and oscillators. Basics of OPAMPs and their applications.Basics of digital electronics.
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining theProblem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
Convergence of a sequence of events. Borel – Cantelli lemma, Borel 0-1 law and statement of Kolmogorov 0-1 law with applications. Convergence of a sequence of random variables.Convergence in law, in probability, with probability one and in quadratic mean and other inter-relationships.Convergence in law of Xn + Yn, XnYn and Xn/Yn.Definition and examples of weak law of large numbers.Khintchene’s theorem and strong law of large numbers.
Statement of CLT. Lindberg-Levy and Liapunov forms of central limit theorems, statement of Lindberg – Feller form of CLT with simple illustrations.
Stochastic processes with examples. Markov Chains transition probability matrix and classification of states of a Markov chain with examples.
Multivariate normal distribution and its marginal and conditional distribution with examples.Simple correlation and lines of regression.
Introduction of selecting the best regression equation, all possible regressions: backward, stepwise regression procedures. Variations on these methods.Ridge and robust regression procedures.Probit and logit analysis, Introduction to non-linear regression model building, least squares in non-linear case, estimating the parameters, non-linear growth models.Statement of Cochran’s theorem for quadratic forms, analysis of variance one – way classification model, two – way classification model with one – observation per cell with more than one (equal) observations per cell with interaction. Fisher’s least significance difference (LSD) method.Analysis of covariance one-way and two – way classification.Fundamental principles of experimental designs. Analysis of completely randomized design (CRD), Randomized Block Design (RBD), and Latin Square design (LSD). Analysis of RBD and LSD with one and more than one observation missing.
Estimation of main effects, interactions and analysis of 22 , 23 , 24 , 2n and 32 factorial experiments. Total and partial confounding of 22 , 23 , 24 and 32 factorial designs. Concept of balanced partial confounding. Fractional factorial designs. Split plot design and its analysis.
Balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) – parametric relations, Intra – block analysis and recovery of inter block information. Partially balanced incomplete block design with two associate classes (PBIBD (2)) – parametric relations and intra –block analysis. Youden Square design, Lattice design and intra – block analysis of simple lattice design.
Sequencing: Optimal sequence of ‘n’ jobs on two and three machines without passing.
Non–linear programming problem – Formulation, generalized Lagrange multiplier technique, Kuhn – Tucker necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality of an NLPP.
Game theory: 2 person zero sum game, pure strategies with saddle point, principles of dominance and games without saddle point.
Introduction to simulation, generation of random numbers for uniform, Normal, Exponential, Cauchy and Poisson distributions.Estimating the reliability of the random numbers, simulation to queuing and inventory problem.
Queuing Theory: Introduction, essential features of Queuing system, Operating characteristics of Queuing system (transient and steady states). Queue length, General relationships among characteristics. Probability distribution in queuing systems, distribution of Arrival and inter arrival. Distribution of death (departure) process, service time .Classification of Queuing models and solution of Queuing models; M/M/1: ∞/FIFO and M/M/1: N/FIFO. Integer Programming Problem: Gomory’s cutting plane algorithm for pure and mixed IPP; Branch and bound Technique.
Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology.
Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining theProblem.
Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design.
Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.
Unit-I : Introduction to Management – Management though – functions and principals of management:Planning–Planningpremises,typeandstepsinplanning–Decisionmakingand forecasting, steps in decision making – Management by objectives (MBO) and decision tree analysis – organizing structure, type of organizations, Principals of Organizing, Delegations, and Decentralization of authority – line and staff functions – leading-leadership, styles of leadership, Theories of leadership – Blake and Mouton’s Managerial grid- Motivation, process, Maslow’s McGregor and Hertzberg theories of Motivation – Controlling – Importance, Process of Controlling – Techniques ofcontrolling.
Unit –II : Concepts in HRM; Human Resource planning –objectives, process and techniques-job analysis-job description-selecting human resource-induction, training and development- performance appraisal and evaluation- job evaluations industrial relations and trade unions- labour welfare and social security measures.
Unit III : Financial management -Nature and scope of Financial Management-Time Value of Money- ValuationConceptsandModels-RiskandReturn-FinancialStatement&itsAnalysis-statement ofchangesinFinancialPosition-CashFlowstatement-RatioAnalysis-FinancialPlanning-cost of capital- Form of Capital Structure: Capital structure- Leverages-Business/Financial Forecasting – sources of Finance-control of capital Issues: Securities and Exchange Board of India-WorkingcapitalManagement-ManagementofEarnings-DividendPolicyandDecision, Bonus Issue and Right Issue- Financial markets and Marketing of securities- Underwriting of capital issues- Merchant Banking – Investment Trusts and Mutual Funds- Long term Investment Decision: Capital Budgeting (Including Risk and Decision Tree Analysis)- Cash Flows for investment Analysis: Concepts and Determination- Lease Financing and Hire purchase- short term financing instruments. Mergers, Acquisitions and Restructuring- financial institutions & markets and derivativesinstruments.
Unit IV: Marketing environment and consumer behavior market segmentation targeting and positioning: product decisions, product mix, product life cycle: New product development: Brandingandpacking:Pricingmethodsandstrategies–promotionmixchannelManagement: Making of service: Customer relation management: New issues in Marketing,E-Marketing.
Unit – V: Role and scope of production management; facility location; layout planning and analysis; production planning and control – production process analysis; demand forecasting for operations: determinants of product mix; production scheduling: work measurement; time and motion study; statistical quality control. Role and scope of operations research.
Unit – VI: Managerial Economics: Demand analysis and demand forecasting, Production function cost–output relation, market structure and précising practices, national income concepts, business cycles Phase effects and controlling measure. Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship Concepts, Types, Motivation, Factors, Stages, Barriers, small scale Industries definition, Features steps in setting of a small Unit Problems and financial Institution support.
Unit – VII :Emerging Technologies in Management: Industry 4.0, Disruptive Technologies, Technology trends in Business – Big Data Analytics, Cloud Computing, Digital Currency, Cryptocurrency, Blockchain,InternetofThings,ArtificialIntelligence,MachineLearning,Robotics,3DPrinting, Drones, Augmented and VirtualReality.
Unit – VIII : Business, International Business and Global Business – Meaning and Definition, International Business – Nature and Scope, Globalization – Issues, Opportunities and Challenges, International Business – Institutions and Regulations, Indian Politics and the International Business environment.